TRANSPORT& COMMUNICATION LESSON 10
INTRODUCTION
Transportation of goods from site of production to market make goods available for consumer
Production is meant for consumption
Transport & Communication helps in transfer of goods & exchange of ideas.
LAND TRANSPORT
Pathways , Unmetalled roads are used for transport since ancient times
With economical-technical development metalled roads railways were developed to move large volume of people & gods from one place to other
Ropeways , cableways, pipelines developed to transport goods &
passengers
SHAHI ROAD
- Built by Sher Shah Suri covering Indus valley to Sonar valley
- Renamed as Grand Trunk Road in British rule , connected Calcutta & Peshawar
- Today divided into NH-1 (Delhi to Amritsar) & NH-2 (Delhi to Kolkata)
BHARATMALA SCHEME (2015)
- Development of State roads along coastal areas, connecting non major ports
- Connectivity programme for backward areas religious & tourist places
- Setubharatam Pariyojana – Construction of 1500 bridges & 200 rail bridges, district headquarter connectivity scheme for development of newly declared NH’s
ROAD TRANSPORT
India has second largest road network in the world of 54.8 lakh km
Carry 85% of passenger & 70% of freight every year
Suitable for short distance travel
First attempt was made when Nagpur plan(1943) was drawn, couldn’t be implemented
After independence twenty year road plan (1961) was introduced
to improve roads
Roads are spread in urban areas rural & remote areas has least road connectivity
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
These are the main roads constructed & maintained by central govt.
Meant for inter state transport, connect state capitals major cities ports.
Used for movement of defense material in strategic areas
Constitute 2% of the total road network , carries 40% of road traffic
NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY
▪ Operationalized in 1995,autonomous body under Ministry of Transport
▪ Responsible for development, maintenance & operation of NH’s
▪ Apex body to improve quality of NH’s
NHDP:- Projects of NHAI
Golden Quadrilateral
▪ Comprises construction of 5846 km long 4/6 lane high density traffic
corridor
▪ Connects India’s metro cities namely Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata
▪ Distance & cost of movement will be minimized
N-S & E-W corridors
▪ N-S corridor :- Connects Srinagar(J&K) with Kanyakumari(Tamil Nadu)
▪ E-W corridor:- Connects Silchar (Assam) with Porbandar(Gujarat)
STATE,DISTRICT & RURAL ROADS
State Highways:-
▪ Constructed & maintained by state govt.
▪ Join state capitals with district headquarters & other important towns
▪ They are connected to NH’s
▪ Constitute 4% of road length in India
District Roads:-
▪ Are the connecting links between district headquarters & other
important nodes in district
▪ Account 14% of the total road length
Rural-Roads:-
▪ Are vital for providing links in rural areas
▪ Accounts 80% of the road length
▪ Regional variation in density ,influenced by nature of terrain(land)
Other Roads:-
▪ Include border roads & international highways
▪ BRO established in 1960 for accelerating eco. Development &
strengthening defense preparedness through rapid & coordinated
movement of strategically important roads
BRO is a multifaceted construction agency also undertakes snow
clearance in high altitude areas
Int’l highways to promote harmonious relationship with neighbor
countries by providing effective link with India
NON-UNIFORMITY OF ROADS
Road distribution is not uniform in India
Variation in Road density
▪ Lowest 12.14 km/100 sq.km in Jammu& Kashmir
▪ Highest 517.7 km/100 sq.km in Kerala
▪ National Average:- 142km/100 sq.km
Density is high in Northern & Southern states
Density is low in Himalayan & N-E region
Nature of terrain & level of eco development determines road density
Roads are difficult & costly to built in hilly & plateau areas
Road quality is better in urban than rural areas
RAIL TRANSPORT
Indian railways is one of the largest in the world, largest govt. undertaking
Facilitates movement of passengers & freights contribute to eco growth
Gandhi quoted “Indian railways brought people of diverse culture
together to contribute in India’s freedom struggle”
Introduced in 1853 , first train from Bombay-Thane covering 34 km
Railway system is divided into 16 zones since its large size puts pressure on a Centralized Railway Management System
THREE CATEGORIES ON THE BASIS OF WIDTH OF TRACK:-
▪ Broad Gauge:- distance between rails is 1.67m
▪ Metre Gauge:- distance between rails is 1m
▪ Narrow Gauge:- distance between rails is 0.76m or 0.61m, confined to hilly areas
ACHIEVEMENTS OF RAILWAYS
Railways launched program to convert metre & narrow gauges to broad gauges
Steam engines replaced by diesel & electric which has increased its speed & haulage capacity
Replacement of steam engine also positive for environment
Metro Rail revolutionized urban transport system in metropolis & successful in combating air pollution
Now connectivity has extended earlier connected only raw material producing areas & hill stations
Development of Konkan railways is significant provide direct link between Mumbai & Mangaluru
KONKAN RAILWAY:- Achievement
Important achievement of Indian railways in 1998
760 km route connects Roha (Maharashtra) to Mangaluru (Karnataka)
It is an engineering marvel
Cross 146 river streams , 2000 bridges & 91 tunnels
Asia’s largest tunnel also lie on the route
Maharashtra, Karnataka , Goa are partners in this undertaking
WATER TRANSPORT
Important mode of transport for passenger & cargo traffic in India
Cheapest means of transport , suitable for carrying heavy bulky material
Fuel efficient & eco friendly mode of transport
It is of two types :-
- Inland Waterways-
▪ Chief mode of transport before advent of railway
▪ Faced tough competition from road & railway transport
▪ Diversion of river water for irrigation made them non-navigable in large parts
▪ Contributes only 1% to country’s transport
▪ Comprises rivers, canals, backwaters & creeks
▪ Inland Waterways Authority, setup in 1986 responsible for development & regulation of National waterways
▪ It has identified 10 other inland waterways which could be upgraded
- Oceanic Routes:-
▪ India has coastline of 7,517 km
▪ 12 major & 185 minor ports provide infrastructural support to oceanic routes
▪ Play important role in transport sector of India
▪ 95% of India’s trade by volume & 70% by value moves through
oceanic routes
▪ Also used for transport between islands & rest of the country
IMPORTANT WATERWAYS IN INDIA
- NW-1 = Allahabad-Haldia
- NW-2= Sadiya-Dhubri
- NW-3= Kottapuram-Kollam
AIR TRANSPORT
Fastest means of transport from one place to other
Reduces distance by minimizing travel time
Essential for India where distance are large with diverse terrain & climatic conditions
Air transport began in 1911 with distance of 10km between
Allahabad & Naini
Airport Authority of India is responsible for safe efficient air traffic &
aeronautical communication services
AAI manages 125 airports also provide int’l service for passenger &
cargo traffic
Pawan Hans is a helicopter operating service in hilly areas widely
used in N-E states
HISTORY OF INDIAN AIRLINES (Important Dates)
- 1911- Air transport was first launched between Allahabad & Naini
- 1953- Air transport was nationalised Air India International & Indian Airlines were formed
OIL & GAS PIPLEINES
Pipelines are most convenient mode of transporting liquids & gases
over long distances
OIL is engaged in exploration, production & transport of crude oil &
natural gas
OIL was founded in 1959
OIL constructed Asia’s first criss cross country pipeline covering 1157 km
from Naharakatiya (Assam) to Barauni (Bihar) extended to Kanpur
Pipeline in western India : Ankaleshwar-Koyali , Mumbai high-Koyali &
Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur(HVJ)
Recently 1256 km long pipeline constructed connecting
Salaya(Gujarat) with Mathura supplies oil from Gujrat to Punjab
OIL is constructing 660 km long pipeline from Numaligarh to Siliguri
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Earlier messages delivered by beating drum , giving indications
through smoke, with the help of fast runners & animals
Initially means of communication were means of transport
Development in science & tech made communication faster & easier
On basis of scale & quality Means of communication :-
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Internet is most effective & advanced personal communication system
Internet is widely used in urban areas
E-mail enables user to establish direct contact & get access to world of information & knowledge
Internet is used for e-commerce & digital transactions
Internet provide efficient access to info at a low cost
Enables with direct communication facilities
MASS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
RADIO
▪ Radio club of Bombay started radio broadcast in 1923
▪ It changed socio cultural life of people made a place in every house
▪ Govt brought radio under control in 1930 under Indian Broadcasting
System , changed to AIR in 1936 & Akashwani in 1957
▪ AIR broadcast programme on education, info & entertainment
▪ Special news bulletins are broadcasted like session of parliament & state legislature
TELEVISON
▪ Most effective audio-visual medium for disseminating info & educating masses
▪ TV services were initially limited to NCT Delhi where it began in 1959
▪ In 1976, TV was delinked from AIR & named as ‘Doordarshan’
▪ Common National Programme was started for entire network & its services were extended to backward & rural areas
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Satellites are mode of communication , also regulate use of other means of communication
Use of satellite in getting continuous & synoptic view of larger area has made satellite communication vital due to economic & strategic reasons
Satellite images can be used for weather forecast monitoring ,
natural calamities , surveillance of border areas , etc.
On the basis of configuration & purposes Indian satellite system is classified into INSAT & IRS
