TERTIARY & QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES
INTRODUCTION
Tertiary activities involves professionals who provide their service
against payment of their fee
Health, education, law, governance are special skill services
provided in exchange of payment
Manpower is important component in service sector
Large proportion of people worked in primary sector in initial stages
In developed economies people get majority of work in industrial or
service sector
Tertiary activities involves both production & exchange
DIFFERENCE
TRADE & COMMERCE
Trade is buying & selling of items produced elsewhere
Trading centres are the towns & cities where services in retail or
wholesale, specifically intended for profit takes place
Trading centres are divided into two types:
- Rural Marketing centres
- Urban Marketing centres
1. RURAL MARKETING CENTRES
Serve to nearby settlements
These are quasi urban centres
Serve as trading centre of most rudimentary type
Personal & professional services are not well developed
Important for making goods & services available to rural folk
Have mandis & periodic markets
2. URBAN MARKETING CENTRES
Located in urban areas , have
specialized urban services
Provide ordinary goods / specialized goods required by people
Offer manufactured goods & specialized goods
Markets for labour ,housing are found
Services of educational institutions & professionals like teachers, lawyers are available
RETAIL TRADING
Retail trading is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to the consumers
Mostly takes place in fixed establishments or stores
Can also take place through street peddling, handcart, vending machines etc.
WHOLESALE TRADING
Constitutes bulk business through intermediary
merchants & supply houses
Retailer operates very large on wholesaler’s capital
*Consumer Cooperatives- Cooperative business owned by its consumers for their mutual benefit , first innovation in retail trading
* Departmental stores- Divide responsibility & authority to departmental heads for purchase of commodities & see sale in different sections of the stores
* Chain stores- Able to purchase goods economically , employ high skilled specialists
TRANSPORT
It is a service or facility by which people, materials are physically
carried from one place to another
Transport distance can be measured as km distance, time distance
& cost distance
Node: Meeting point of two or more routes
Network: Linking of different places together as transport system
develops
Link: Every road that joins two nodes
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORT
DEMAND:
▪ It is influenced by the size of population
▪ Larger the population size , greater is the demand for transport
ROUTES:
▪ Depend on location of cities, towns, raw materials, type of climate &
funds available for overcoming obstacles along length of route
COMMUNICATION
Involves transmission of words, messages, facts & ideas
Invention of writing preserved writing & helped to make
communication dependent on means of transport
All forms of transport are referred to as ‘lines of communication’
Efficient transport network makes communication to spread in
different parts of world
Mobile, Satellite made communication independent of transport
TELECOMMUNICATION
Use of telecom is linked to development of modern technology
Revolutionized communication because of speed at which
messages are sent
Mobile telephony have made communication direct &
instantaneous at any time from anywhere
Radio & television help to relay news, pictures, calls to vast
audience around world therefore are termed as Mass media
Satellite communication relays information of earth from space
Internet revolutionized global communication system
SERVICES
Services occur at different levels
Low order services are more common & widespread than high order
services
Gardeners, Launderers do physical labour
Teachers & lawyers do mental labour
Regulated Services
▪ Making maintaining of highways & bridges
▪ Maintaining fire fight departments
▪ Supervising education & customer care
▪ Performed by govt or other companies
Professional services are healthcare ,engineering & management
CBD stands for Central Business District
TOURISM
World’s largest tertiary activity interms of jobs & total revenue
Tourism is the travel undertaken for recreation
It fosters growth of infrastructure, retail trading & crafts
TOURIST REGIONS
▪ Warmer places around Mediterranean coast & west coast of India
▪ Winter sport regions, scenic landscape regions, National Parks &
Historic towns
FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM
DEMAND:
Improvements in standard of living & increase in leisure time has lead
people to go on holidays thus increasing demand for tourism
TRANSPORT:
▪ Transport facilities help in opening tourist areas
▪ Travel is easier by car with better road systems
▪ Air travel facilitated people to travel long distances in short time
▪ Package holidays has reduced the cost of tour
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
CLIMATE
▪ People from colder areas prefer to go on beach holidays to have
warm, sunny weather
▪ Climate is the main reason for importance of tourism in S-Europe &
Mediterranean lands
▪ Mediterranean climate: High temperature, low rainfall & sunshine
▪ People from hotter areas prefer to go to low temperature areas or
snow covered for skiing
LANDSCAPE
▪ People like to spend holidays in attractive environment
▪ Attractive environment means mountains, lakes, sea coasts, landscapes
ART & HISTORY
▪ Art & history of an area too attracts people
▪ People visit ancient towns , archaeological sites for exploring castles &
churches
CULTURE & ECONOMY
▪ People who have strong liking for experiencing ethnic & local customs are
attracted by culture & economy
▪ Home Stay has emerged as a profitable business like heritage homes in Goa & Coorg (Karnataka)
MEDICAL TOURISM
Medical Tourism is combination of medical treatment with int’l
tourism activities
About 55,000 patients visited India for treatment in 2005
India is the leading country of Medical Tourism in the World
It brings benefit to developing countries like ours & others like
Singapore , Malaysia
Outsourcing of medical tests is done & data interpretation takes
place, advantageous for patients
Medical services are: Radiology Images, MRIs & Ultrasound tests
QUATERNARY SERVICES
Knowledge oriented sector
Involves collection, production & dissemination of information
Centre around Research & Development, involves specialized knowledge & technical skills
Half of workers in developed economies work under this sector
Quaternary activities can be outsourced
Examples: Tax consultants, Software developers & Doctors , Teachers
Quaternary activities are not tied to resources & not affected by
environment
QUINARY ACTIVITIES
Performed by highest level of decision makers
Focus on creation, re-arrangement, interpretation of new & existing ideas, data interpretation, use & evaluation of new & existing technologies
Referred as ‘Gold Collar Professions’
Represent special, highly paid skills of senior business executives, govt. officials, research scientists, legal & finance consultants
Importance of the people in this sector outweighs their number
OUTSOURCING
Outsourcing is giving work to an outside agency to improve
efficiency & reduce costs
Resulted in opening up of call centres in India, China, Israel & EEurope
Outsourcing creates jobs
Outsourcing is coming to those countries where cheap & skilled
workers are available
Migration from countries may come down because of Outsourcing
Outsourcing countries are facing resistance from job seeking youths
in their respective countries
Also known as off shoring
NEW TREND IN QUINARY ACTIVITIES
KPO
▪ Stands for Knowledge Processing Outsourcing
▪ Involves highly skilled workers
▪ KPO is info driven knowledge outsourcing
▪ Example: R&D activities, e-learning, business research, & banking
sector
BPO
▪ Stands for Business Process Outsourcing
▪ Method of subcontracting business operations to third party vendors
▪ Business process & speed are enhanced
▪ Example: Call centres , customer support services
DIGITAL DIVIDE
Opportunities emerging from Information & Communication
Technology (ICT) based on development is unevenly distributed across
the world is digital divide
Developed countries often provide ICT access quickly while
developing countries lag behind
It occurs because of wide ranging economic , political & social
differences among countries
Digital divide also exist within countries
Metropolitan centres possess better connectivity & access to digital
world than rural areas