PLANNING &SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LESSON 9
INTRODUCTION
Planning involve process of thinking ,formulation of a
scheme & implementation of set of actions to achieve some goal
Two approaches to planning:-
- Sectoral Planning: Formulation implementation of set of
schemes aimed at development of various sectors of
economy like agriculture, manufacturing, service etc. - Regional Planning: Done to reduce regional imbalances
in development , some areas lag behind than others
NITI AYOG: PLANNING IN INDIA
On January 1 2015, Planning Commission was renamed as NITI AYOG Objective- involve states in economic policy, provide NITI stands for ‘National Institution for Transforming India’
NITI AYOG was formed by renaming of Planning Commission of India Provides advice to govt.
TARGET AREA PLANNING
Focus of this planning is in promoting economically backward areas
Planning Commission introduced ‘Target area’ & ‘Target group’
approaches to curb regional & social disparities which were growing in economy
For economic development there is a need of resource base as well as
technology & investment
Target Area Programmes: Command Area Development programme(CAD), Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPADP), Hill Area Development Programme(HADP)
Target Group Programmes:- The Small Farmers Development Agency(
SFDA) & Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA)
In eighth five year plan special area programmes were developed for
tribal areas, N-E states & backward areas
HADP
Initiated during 5th five year plan covering 15 districts of hilly areas like Uttarakhand, Darjeeling,Nilgiri
National Commission on backward area development
recommended “all hill areas above 600 m & not covered under tribal sub plan to be treated as backward hill area”
Hill development plans aimed at harnessing indigenous
resources of hill through horticulture development,
animal husbandry, plantation etc.
Plans were based on topographical, ecological ,
economic & social conditions of the hill areas
DPADP
Initiated during 4th five year plan
Mainly emphasized on generating employment opportunities to
the people of drought prone areas along with creating productive assets
Irrigation projects , land development programmes & creation of rural infrastructure were also its priorities.
This programme confined to development of agriculture & allied
sectors along with restoration of ecological balance caused by growing population
Adoption of integrated watershed development approach was another strategy
DROUGHT PRONE AREAS
67 districts in India has been identified as drought prone
regions by planning commission in 1967
Irrigation Commission in 1972 introduced 30 % criterion of
irrigated area acc. to which drought prone areas are
those which depend 70% on monsoon & 30% on
irrigation
Drought prone areas: Rajasthan, Gujarat, West MP etc.
Due to better irrigation facilities drought prone areas of
Punjab & Haryana have become protected regions
ITDP- BHARMAUR
Bharmaur tribal area comprise Bharmaur & Holi tehsils of Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh
Notified tribal area since 1975
Inhabited by Gaddis
Bharmaur Tribal Region ha harsh climatic conditions low resource base , fragile environment
One of the most socially-economically backward area of Himachal Pradesh
Economy is based on agriculture & allied activities
Under 5th five year plan , tribal sub plan introduced in 1974 &
Bharmaur designated as integrated tribal development project Also aimed at narrowing development gap between Bharmaur & other areas of Himachal Pradesh
Highest priority on development of transport & communication, agriculture
Significant contribution of tribal sub plan is development
of schools, healthcare facilities, communication & electricity
Main Beneficiaries: Holi & Khani areas
Non- Benefitted: Tundah & Kugti
SOCIAL BENEFITS OF ITDP
Increase in literacy rate
Increase in sex ratio
Decline in child marriage
Diff between males & females declined
Gaddis had subsistence agriculture but now they cultivate pulses & cash crops
Gaddis are still very mobile as most of them migrate to
Kangra & surrounding areas during winter to earn living from wage labour
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Development is a multidimensional concept & signifies
positive, irreversible transformation of society , economy & environment
Earlier development was synonymous to economic growth measured in GNP & per capita consumption
In 1970s ‘redistribution with growth & growth & equity’ were incorporated in the definition of development
Notion of sustainable development was emerged in western world reflected common concern of people about undesirable effects of industrial development on environment
‘The Population Bomb’ by Ehrlich in 1968 & ‘Limits to growth’ by Meadows in 1972 raised level of fear among people regarding environment degradation
Concerned with environment issues UN established ‘World Commission on Environment & development’ headed by H.Brundtland
Brundtland Commission gave report on environment in 1987 known as ‘Our Common Future’
Report defines sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs”
IG CANAL COMMAND AREA
Previously known as Rajasthan Canal , one of the largest canal system in India.
IG Canal was the idea of Kanwar Sain in 1948
Launched on 31 march 1958
Canal originates at Harike Barrage in Punjab runs parallel to Pakistan border
Planned length: 9,060 km, Total command area: 19.63 lakh hectare
70% area irrigated by flow system & 30% by lift system
Construction of canal in two ways:
- STAGE-1:Has gently undulating topography lies in Ganganagar, Hanumangarh
- STAGE-2 :Comprise desert lands lies in Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Churu
In Lift system water is lifted up to make it flow against slope of land
Lift canals originate left bank & flow canal on right bank of main canal
Introduction of canal in Rajasthan has transformed its ecology, economy & society both +vely & -vely
Availability of soil moisture, afforestation & pasture development programmes under CAD have resulted in greening of the land
Intensive irrigation & excessive use of water led to emergence of waterlogging & soil salinity
Now, wheat cotton rice etc. are grown has replaced traditional crops- gram, bajra,jowar
Intensive irrigation led to increase in agriculture productivity also caused salinity
MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- Strict implementation of water management policy , canal project proposed protective irrigation in Stage-1 & extensive irrigation of crops in Stage-2
- Cropping pattern shall not include water intensive
crops, people should be encouraged to grow citrus fruits - CAD programmes like lining of water courses , land development & levelling & warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in command area) shall be implemented effectively to reduce water loss
- Areas affected by water-logging & soil salinity shall be reclaimed
- Ecological development through shelterbelt plantation ,
& pasture development is necessary particularly in Stage- 2 areas
Poor land owners should be provided with adequate
economic , financial & institutional support for land
cultivation
Agriculture & allied activities need to be developed
along with agriculture & animal husbandry