HUMAN SETTLEMENTS LESSON 4
INTRODUCTION
Human settlement means cluster of dwellings where human reside.
Settlements vary in size & type
Villages are sparsely located small settlements, specialize in primary activities
Urban settlements are fewer & larger, specialize in secondary &
tertiary activities
DIFFERENCE IN R-U SETTLEMENTS
TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENT
Types of settlement is determined by built up area & inter house
distance
Compact village is the universal feature in India
Factors for different types of rural settlement:
▪ Physical features:- nature of land, climate, water.
▪ Cultural ethnic factors:- social structure, caste & religion
▪ Security factors:- defense against theft & robberies
CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS:-
▪ Compact, closely built up area of house
▪ General living area is distinct & separated from surrounding farms in
such villages
▪ Present geometric shapes like radial, rectangular, linear
▪ Found in fertile alluvial plains, north-eastern states
▪ People live in compact village for security factor like in Nagaland &
Bundelkhand
▪ In Rajasthan people live in clustered settlements to maximize use of
available water resources
SEMI-CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS (FRAGMENTED SETTLEMENTS)
▪ Result from tendency of clustering in restricted area of dispersed
settlements, also from fragmentation of large compact village.
▪ One/more section of society choose/forced to live little away from
main village
▪ Land owners occupy central part lower people settle on outskirts
▪ Widespread in Gujrat plain & parts of Rajasthan
HAMELETED SETTLEMENTS:-
▪ Fragmented into several units separated from each other bearing a
common name.
▪ These units are locally known as panna, para, Nagla, dhani
▪ Found in Mid lower ganga plain & Chhattisgarh
DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS:-
▪ Appears as isolated huts, few huts in a remote jungle.
▪ Extreme dispersion caused by fragmented nature of terrain & land
resource base of area
▪ Found in Meghalaya , Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh
URBAN SETTLEMENTS
Urban settlements are compact & larger in size.
Engaged in non-agricultural economic functions
Exchange of goods & services performed directly or through market
in towns & cities
Cities are connected directly/ indirectly with villages
EVOL. OF TOWNS IN INDIA
ANCIENT TOWNS
▪ Many towns are historic span over 2000 years
▪ Developed as religious & cultural centres
▪ Example:- Prayag , Madurai & Patna.
MEDIEVAL TOWNS
▪ About 100 towns of present day India were built in medieval era
▪ Developed as headquarters of kingdom, are fort towns
▪ Example:- Delhi, Hyderabad & Jaipur
MODERN TOWNS
▪ Developed by Europeans & British
▪ Some trading ports like Surat, Puducherry were built
▪ British made & developed three presidencies
▪ Jamshedpur evolved as a town based on modern industries
▪ Chandigarh, Gandhinagar developed as administrative
headquarters after independence
▪ Industrial centres like Bhilai & Durgapur emerged after independence
▪ Old towns developed as satellite towns around metro cities like Ghaziabad around Delhi
URBANISATION IN INDIA
Level of urbanization is measured in terms of % of urban population
to total population
According to Census 2011 level of urbanization is 31 %
Total urban population increased during 20th century
Enlargement of urban centres & emergence of new towns
responsible for urbanization & growth of urban population
CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS ON POPULATION SIZE IN INDIA
City:- Population of more than 1 lakh
Metropolitan :- population between 10 – 50 lakh
Megacity:- Population of more than 50 lakh
URBAN AGGLOMERATION
An urban agglomeration consist any of following combinations:
- A town & its adjoining urban outgrowth
- Two/ more contiguous towns with/ without their outgrowths
- City & one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths together
Example of urban outgrowth:- Railway colony, university campus
Greater Mumbai is the largest Urban agglomeration followed by Delhi
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
ADMINISTRATIVE TOWNS/ CITIES
▪ Supporting administrative headquarters of higher order
▪ Example:- Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal
Industrial Towns
▪ Industries constitute prime motive of these towns
▪ Example:- Mumbai, Salem , Bhilai
Transport cities
▪ Ports primarily engaged in import & export activities
▪ Example:- Kandla, Kocchi, Vishakhapatnam
COMMERCIAL TOWNS
▪ Towns & cities specialized in trade & commerce
▪ Example:- Kolkata, Saharanpur
MINING TOWNS
▪ Towns developed in mineral rich areas
▪ Example:- Raniganj, Digboi , Ankleshwar
GARRISON TOWNS
▪ Towns emerged as garrison towns
▪ Example:- Ambala, Jalandhar
EDUCATIONAL TOWNS
▪ Centres of education , where education institutions are located
▪ Example:- Aligarh, Varanasi
RELIGIOUS & CULTURAL TOWNS
▪ Towns prominent due to religious significance
▪ Example:- Varanasi, Amritsar, Tirupati
TOURIST TOWNS
▪ Towns famous for their tourist attractions
▪ Example:- Nainital, Mussoorie, Shimla
SMART CITIES MISSION (2015)
Objective:
- Promote cities that provide core infrastructure, clean environment & give decent quality of life to its citizens
Features:
- Apply smart solutions to infrastructure to make it better
- Example- Making areas less prone to disasters
Focus:
- Sustainable & inclusive development
- Create replicable models which will act like lighthouse to other areas