HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LESSON 4

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

1. Growth & Development refer to changes over a period of time.
2. Growth is quantitative, development is qualitative.
3. Growth can be +ve or –ve but development is always positive.
4. Development occurs when there is positive change in quality.
5. Earlier level of development was measured in terms of country’s economic growth.
6. Quality of life, opportunities, freedom are important aspects of development.

CONCEPT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq & Prof. Amartya sen spelt out important aspects of human development.
2. Concept of human development :- Dr. Mahbub-ul-haq
3. Human development according to Dr. haq:- Development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives, people are central to all development

DR. HAQ & PROF. SEN

1. Worked together to bring out the initial human development reports.
2. DR. haq created human development index in 1990.
3. UNDP used his concept of human development to publish human development report since 1990.
4. Prof. sen saw an  increase in freedom as the main objective of development.

ASPECTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Key aspects of human development are:- health, education , access to resources.
2. Due to inability to acquire knowledge, material poverty, social discrimination, inefficiency of institutions people do not have capability and freedom to make basic choices

THE 4 PILLARS:-

• Idea of human development is supported  by :-

1. EQUITY:-making equal access to opportunities available for everybody irrespective of gender caste, race, income.
2. SUSTAINABILITY:- means continuity in availability of opportunities each generation must have same opportunities.
3. Productivity:- means human labour productivity, in terms of work, productivity must be enriched by building capabilities in people.
4. EMPOWERMENT:- means power to make choices, comes from increasing freedom and capability, good governance, people oriented policies are required to empower people.

APPROACHES TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. INCOME APPROACH:-

• Oldest approach to human development.
• Human development is seen linked with income.
• Says level of income reflects level of freedom an individual enjoys.

2.WELFARE APPROACH:-

• Looks human beings as beneficiaries to all developmental activities.
• Lays emphasis on higher govt. expenditure on education, health, other basic amenities.
• People are not participants in development only recipients
• Govt. is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximizing expenditure on welfare activities.

3. BASIC NEEDS APPROACH:-

• Proposed by ILO( International labour organization)
• Lays emphasis on six basic needs i.e. health, sanitation, education, food , water, housing.
• Human choices are ignored.

4. CAPABILITY APPROACH:-

• Associated with prof Amartya sen
• Says building human capabilities in areas of health education and access to resources is the key to increase human development.

MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. HDI ranks countries on their performance in key areas of development.
2. Ranking are based on a score between 0-1. uLife expectancy at birth is the indicator to assess health.
3. Adult literacy rate & gross enrolment ratio represents access to knowledge.
4. Access to resources is measured in terms of purchasing power(USD).
5. Each of three are given weightage of 1/3.
6. Closer the score to 1 greater the level of human development.

HDI & HPI

1. HDI measures attainments in human development, reflects what has been achieved.
2. HDI not a reliable measure doesn’t say about distribution.
3. HPI measures the shortfall in human development, non income measure, more revealing than HDI
4. Adult illiteracy rate, underweight children, no. of people who don’t have access to water are taken to show shortfall in human development.
5. HPI & HDI are two indices to measure  human development used by UNDP.

GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS

1. Bhutan only country in world to proclaim the GNH as measure of country’s happiness.
2. Material progress, technological advancement are approached cautiously.
3. GNH encourages to think of spiritual, non material and qualitative aspects of development.

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

1. Size of the territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development.
2. Relatively poorer nations have been ranked higher than richer neighbourhoods in terms of human development.
3. Sri Lanka & Trinidad & Tobago have higher rank than India in HDI

1. Norway has highest HDI.
2. Nigeria has lowest HDI.
3. India has 130th rank in HDI (2018 report)

Countries with high level of development:-

• In countries of high HDI education, healthcare are govt priority.
• Investment, good governance in social sector has lead countries to higher level of HDI.
• Many of the countries have been former imperial powers, social diversity is not very high

Countries with medium levels of human development:-

• Forms the largest group.
• Countries in this group emerged after second world war.
• They are improving HDI. Countries have faced political instability, social uprisings in the past

Countries with low level of development:-

• Include small countries.
• These countries have been going through political turmoil, social instability.
• Famines, civil wars , disease are very common.
• Well thought policies are required to  address human development requirements.

FINAL WORDS

1. Govt expenditure on social sector, political environment, freedom of people in country are important for determining high or low level of development.
2. Countries with low development spend more on defense they have not been able to accelerate economic development.